Gente Ruthenus, natione Polonus– dual identity of the elites of the Polish-Lithuanian state in the late Middle Ages and in the early modern times

Andrzej Pleszczyński

Abstract


The text concerns the emergence of the phenomenon of the double identity of the elites of the Polish-Lithuanian state around the end of the 14th century. It is particularly concerned with the nobility of Ruthenian and orthodox origin, but not only, as the phenomenon extended to other ethnic groups as well. The nature of the dual identity (political, and to some extent ethnic) is discussed, the reasons for its persistence, its political, ideological and social background, and the first causes of its disintegration are outlined.

Keywords


Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; ethnic identity; political identity; Ruthenia; multiculturalism

Full Text:

PDF

References


Bullarium Poloniae. Litteras apostolicas aliaque monumenta Poloniae Vaticana continens, t. 2, 1342–1378, red. I. Sułkowska-Kuraś, S. Kuraś, Romae–Lublin 1982.

Die Chronik der Polen des Magisters Vincentius, red. Eduard Mühle, Ausgewählte Quellen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters. Freiherr-vom-Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe 48, Darmstadt 2014.

Ioannis Dlugossi Annales seu cronicae incliti Regni Poloniae, red. S. Budkowa et al., vol. 1–12, Warszawa 1964–2005.

Kronika polska Marcina Kromera, biskupa warmińskiego, Sanok 1857.

Latopis Hustyński, red. H. Suszko, Wrocław 2003.

Maciej z Miechowa, Opis Sarmacji Azjatyckiej i Europejskiej, red. H. Barycz, T. Bieńskowski, W. Voisé, Wrocław 1972.

Magistri Vincentii dicti Kadłubek Chronica Polonorum, red. Marian Plezia, Monumenta Poloniae Historica, nova series 11, Kraków 1994.

Althoen D., ‘Natione Polonus’ and the ‘Narod szlachecki’. Two Myths of National Identity and Noble Solidarity, „Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung” 2003, 52.

Anderson B., Imagined Communities. Reflexions on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London–New York 1983.

Baar M., Historians and Nationalism. East-Central Europe in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford 2010.

Bagge S., German Historiography and the Twelfth-Century Renaissance, w: Representations of Power in Medieval Germany, 800–1500, red. B. Weiler, S. MacLean, Turnhout 2006.

Bajer P.P., Scots in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 16th–18th Centuries. The Formation and Disappearance of an Ethnic Group, Leiden–Boston 2012.

Banaszkiewicz J., Polskie dzieje bajeczne Mistrza Wincentego Kadłubka, Wrocław 2002.

Baronas D., Rowell S.C., The Conversion of Lithuania. From Pagan Barbarians to Late Medieval Christians, Vilnius 2015.

Bazan L., A History of Belarus. A non-literary essay that explains the ethnogenesis of the Belarusians, London 2014.

Bercoff G.B., Plurilingualism in Eastern Slavic culture of the 17th century: The case of Simeon Polockij, „Slavia: Časopis pro slovanskou filologii” 2003, 64.

Buczek K., The history of Polish cartography from the 15th to the 18th century, tłum. A. Potocki, Wrocław–Warszawa 1966.

Carter F.W., Trade and Urban Development in Poland: An Economic Geography od Cracow, from its Origins to 1795, Oxford 1994.

Cetwiński M., Derwich M., Herby, legendy, dawne mity, Wrocław 1989.

Chodynicki K., Kościół prawosławny a Rzeczpospolita Polska. Zarys historyczny 1370–1632, Warszawa 1934.

Cynarski S., Uwagi nad problemem recepcji ‘Historii’ Jana Długosza w Polsce XVI i XVII wieku, w: „Dlugossiana”. Studia historyczne w pięćsetlecie śmierci Jana Długosza, red. S. Gawęda, Warszawa 1980.

Davies N., God’s Playground. A History of Poland, vol. 1–2, New York 2005.

Davies N., Heart of Europe. The Past in Poland’s Present, Oxford 2001.

Dwyer P.G., The Rise of Prussia, 1700–1830, London–New York 2013.

Fennell J.L.I., Ivan the Great of Moscow, New York 1961.

Frost R., After the Deluge Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655–1660, Cambridge 2003.

Frost R., The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569 (The Oxford history of Poland-Lithuania, vol. 1), Oxford Un. Press 2015.

Fryde E.B., Humanism and Renaissance Historiography, London 1983.

Grala H., Kołpak Witołdowy czy czapka Monomacha. Dylematy wyznawców prawosławia w monarchii ostatniej Jagiellonów, w: Katolicyzm w Rosji i prawosławie w Polsce (XI–XX w.), red. J. Bardach, T. Chynczewska-Hennel, Warszawa 1997.

Grala H., Rutheni vs. Mosci: elita ruska Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego wobec wojen z Mo-skwą w XVI w., w: Nash radavod, Kniha 8, Byelarusy i palyaki: Dyyaloh narodaw i kul′tur. X–XX st. Materyyaly mizhnarodnaha kruhlaha stala (Hrodna. 28–30 vyerasnya 1999 h.), Hrodna–Byelastok 1999 (2000) [Grala H., Rutheni vs. Mosci: elita ruska Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego wobec wojen z Moskwą w XVI w., w: Наш радавод, Кніга 8, Беларусы і палякі: Дыялог народаў і культур. Х–ХХ ст. Матэрыялы міжнароднага круглага стала (Гродна. 28–30 верасня 1999 г.), Гродна–Беласток 1999 (2000)].

Gralya Kh., «Russkaya vera» i «roksolanskiye sarmaty»: legitimatsionnyye strategii russkoy elity Rechi Pospolitoy i casus Adama Kiselya, w: Narrativy rusi kontsa XV – serediny XVIII vv.: v poiskakh svoyey istorii, red. A.V. Doronin. Moskva 2018 [Граля Х., «Русская вера» и «роксоланские сарматы»: легитимационные стратегии русской элиты Речи Посполитой и casus Адама Киселя, w: Нарративы руси конца XV – середины XVIII вв.: в поисках своей истории, red. А.В. Доронин. Москва 2018].

Grigor’yev V.V., O dostovernosti yarlykov, dannykh khanami Zolotoy Ordy russkomu dukhovenstvu, Moskva 1842 [Григорьев В.В., О достоверности ярлыков, данных ханами Золотой Орды русскому духовенству, Москва 1842].

Grycz-Śmiłowski K., Bracia polscy, Arianie-Unitarianie. Zarys dziejów, Kraków 1977.

Guzowski P., Pierwszy polski indeks ksiąg zakazanych, „Studia Podlaskie” 2002, 12.

Harasim I., Die Union von Brest. Voraussetzungen und Motive ihrer Entstehung, w: Internationales Forschungsgespräch der Stiftung Pro Oriente zur Brester Union (Das östliche Christentum, NF v. 54), red. J. Marte, Würzburg 2004.

Heyde J., Multiethnizität, Stadtrecht, Stadt. Lemberg im späten Mittelalter, „Annales UMCS. Sectio F” 2017, 72.

Hillar M., The Polish Socinians: Contribution to Freedom of Conscience and the American Constitution, „Dialogue and Universalism” 2009, 19.

Historia chłopów polskich, t. 1, red. S. Inglot et al., Warszawa 1970.

Hundert G.D., Identity Formation in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, w: Citizenship and Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth. Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550–1772, red. K. Friedrich, B. M. Pendzich, (Studies in Central European Histories, vol. 46), Leiden–Boston 2009.

Janeczek A., Ethnicity, Religious Disparity and the Formation of the Multicultural Society of Red Ruthenia in the Late Middle Ages, w: On the Frontier of Latin Europe. Integration and Segregation in Red Ruthenia, 1350–1600, red. A. Janeczek, T. Wünsch, Warszawa 2004.

Janeczek A., Segregacja wyznaniowa i podział przestrzeni w miastach Rusi Koronnej (XIV–XVI w.), „Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej” 2015, 63, 2.

Jaros S., Between East and West. Crown Ruthenia between the Golden Horde and the rising power of the Polish Kingdom, w: Rus’ and the world of the Nomads (the second half of the 9th–16th c.), red. V. Nagirnyy (Colloquia Russica. Series I, 7), Kraków 2017.

Jurek T., Fryzura narodowa średniowiecznych Polaków, w: „Scriptura custos memoriae”. Prace historyczne, red. D. Zydorek, Poznań 2001.

Kapral M., Legal Regulation and National (Ethnic) Differentation in Lviv, 1350–1600, w: On the Frontier of Latin Europe. Integration and Segregation in Red Ruthenia, 1350–1600, red. A. Janeczek, T. Wünsch, Warszawa 2004.

Klassen P.J., Mennonites in early modern Poland and Prussia, Baltimore 2009.

Knoll P.W., The Rise of the Polish Monarchy. Piast Poland in the East Central Europe, 1320–1370, Chicago–London 1972.

Korolko M., Pionier sarmackiego dziejopisarstwa – Marcin Bielski, w: Pisarze staropolscy. Sylwetki, t. 1, red. S. Grzeszczuk, Warszawa 1991.

Kościelny R., Dzieje reformacji w Polsce, Kraków 2017.

Kraushar A., Frank i frankiści, t. 1, Kraków 1895.

Kumaniecki K., De Ovidii apud Polonos fatis, „Živa Antika” 1977, 27.

Lesniak R., Armenier in Lember: Grenzen sozialer Integration in den Städten Rotreußens in Spätmittelalter und früher Neuzeit. Eine Skizze, w: On the Frontier of Latin Europe. Integration and Segregation in Red Ruthenia, 1350–1600, red. A. Janeczek, T. Wünsch, Warszawa 2004.

Lukowski J., The Szlachta and the Monarchy: Reflections on the Struggle ‘inter maiestatem ac libertatem’, w: The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c. 1500–1795, red. R. Butterwick, Basinstoke 2001.

Marx C., Kleineberg A., Die Geographie des Ptolemaios. Geographike Hyphegesis Buch 3: Europa zwischen Newa, Don und Mittelmeer. Berlin 2012.

Mazeika R., The Role of Pagan Lithuania in Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Religious Diplomacy in East-central Europe (1345–1377), New York 1987.

Meyendorff J., Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century, Cambridge 1981.

Nikodem J., Reflections on the Polish-Lithuanian Union (On the margin of Robert Frost’s book, The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania, Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569, Oxford 2015), „Quaestiones medii aevi novae” 2022, 27.

„Onus Athlanteum”. Studia nad kroniką biskupa Wincentego, red. A. Dąbrówka, W. Wojtowicz, Warszawa 2009.

Ostrowski D., The Growth of Moscovy, (1462–1533), w: The Cambridge History of Russia, vol. 1, red. M Perrie, Cambridge 2006.

Paszkiewicz H., Polityka ruska Kazimierza Wielkiego, Warszawa 1925.

Paszkiewicz H., The Rise of Moscow Power, New York 1983.

Perzanowska A., Wiadomości źródłowe o życiu i działalności Jana Długosza, w: „Dlugossiana”. Studia historyczne w pięćsetlecie śmierci Jana Długosza, red. S. Gawęda, Warszawa 1980.

Pisarze staropolscy. Sylwetki, t. 1, red. S. Grzeszczuk, Warszawa 1991.

Plokhy S., The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine, Oxford Un. Press 2002.

Plokhy S., The Origins of the Slavic Nations. Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, Cambridge 2006.

Polonsky A., The Jews in Poland and Russia, vol. 1, 1350 to 1881, Oxford 2010.

Ptaśnik J., Miasta i mieszczaństwo w dawnej Polsce, Kraków 1934.

Ramet S.P., The Catholic Church in Polish History. From 966 to the Present, New York 2017.

Rowell S.C., Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345, Cambridge 1994.

Schramm G., Der Polnische Adel und die Reformation, 1548–1607, Wiesbaden 1965.

Smolka S., Najdawniejsze pomniki dziejopisarstwa rusko-litewskiego. Rozbiór krytyczny, Kraków 1890 (Pamiętnik Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie. Wydziały filologiczny i historyczno-filozoficzny, 8).

Snyder T., The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999, New Haven–London 2003.

Stang C.S., Die westrussische Kanzleisprache des Grossfürstentums Litauen, Oslo 1935.

Stone D., The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795 (A History of Central Europe, vol. 4), Seattle–London 2001.

Subtelny O., Ukraine. A History, Toronto 1988.

Šiaučiūnaitė-Verbickienė J., The Image of the Infidelis in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: A Comparison of the Trends in the Creation of Anti-Jewish and Anti-Muslims Stereotypes, w: Fear and Loathing in the North. Jews and Muslims in Medieval Scandinavia and the Baltic Region, red. C. Heß, J. Adams, Berlin–Boston 2015.

Tollet D., Religious existence and competition in the Polish-Lithuanian Commenwealth c. 1600, w: Religious Existence and Cultural Exchanging in Europe, 1400–1700, red. H. Schilling, I. G. Tóth (Cultural Exchange in Modern Europe, 1), Cambridge 2006.

Turnau I., History of Dress in Central and Eastern Europe from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century, tłum. I. Szymańska, Warszawa 1991.

Urban W., Tannenberg and After, Chicago 2003.

Vasiliauskas A., The Practice of Citizenship among the Lithuanian Nobility, ca. 1580–1630, w: Citizenship and Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth. Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550–1772, red. K. Friedrich, B. M. Pendzich, (Studies in Central European Histories, vol. 46), Leiden–Boston 2009.

Wapowski B., Dzieje Korony Polskiej i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego od roku 1380 do 1535, t. 1–3, Wilno 1847–1848.

Weitraub W., Renaissance Poland and ‘Antemurale Christianitatis’, „Harvard Ukrainian Studies” 1979–1980, 3/4.

Wiemer B., Dialect and language contacts on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 15th century until 1939, w: Aspects of Multilingualism in European Language History, red. K. Braunmüller, G. Ferraresi, Hamburg 2003.

Wilamowski M., Magnate Territories in Red Ruthenia in the Fourtheen and Fifteen Centuries. Origin, Develompent and Social Impact, w: On the Frontier of Latin Europe. Integration and Segregation in Red Ruthenia, 1350–1600, red. A. Janeczek, T. Wünsch, Warszawa 2004.

Wisner H., Król i car. Rzeczpospolita i Moskwa w XVI i XVII wieku, Warszawa 1995.

Wisner H., Lisowczycy, Warszawa 2004.

Writing History in Medieval Poland. Bishop Vincentius of Cracow and the ‘Chronica Polonorum’, red. D. von Güttner-Sporzyński, Turnhout 2017.

Wyrozumski J., Kazimierz Wielki, Wrocław 1986.

https://www.alamy.com/henry-i-the-bearded-wedding-image386674758.html [dostęp: 23.12.2023].




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/rh.2024.57.317-346
Date of publication: 2024-10-22 08:45:07
Date of submission: 2024-03-04 00:32:45


Statistics


Total abstract view - 0
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF - 0

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Andrzej Pleszczyński

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.