Change of Parties in the New Hungarian Civil Code from a Comparative Perspective

Péter Gárdos

Abstract


The Hungarian Civil Code introduced changes regarding the change of parties. The paper argues that comparative law helped the Hungarian legislator to introduce new rules that address relevant market needs. The author shows how the clarification of the system of the transfer of receivables opened up new opportunities for the parties and how the treatment of non-assignment clauses changed in light of legislative changes in several European countries. It is argued that the new Hungarian Civil Code found the right balance between the interests of the debtor and the assignor. The second part of the article explains that the New Civil Code introduced a significant change through the rule on free transferability of rights. The third part presents how the New Civil Code introduced rules on the transfer of contracts, following the solutions of several European countries and international unification instruments, and explains the challenges posed by these rules.


Keywords


codification; change of parties; non-assignment clause; transfer of receivables; debtor; assignor; comparative law

Full Text:

PDF

References


LITERATURE

Ayres I., Gertner R., Filling Gaps in Incomplete Contracts: An Economic Theory of Default Rules, “The Yale Law Journal” 1989, vol. 99(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/796722.

Bar C. von, Clive E., Schulte-Nölke H. (eds.), Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). Outline Edition, Berlin–New York 2009, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783866537279.

Bauer A., § 354a HGB – eine geglückte gesetzgeberische Lösung eines rechtspolitischen Problems?, Berlin 2001, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3790/978-3-428-50363-6.

Baur J.F., Stürner R., Sachenrecht, München 2009.

Bazinas S.V., Multi-Jurisdictional Receivables Financing: UNCITRAL’s Impact on Securitization and Cross-Border Perfection, “Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law” 2002, vol. 12.

Delbrück B., Die Übernahme fremder Schulden nach gemeinem und preußischem Recht, Berlin 1853.

Dörner H., Dynamische Relativität. Der Übergang vertraglicher Rechte und Pflichten, München 1985.

Fuglinszky Á., Some Structural Questions on the Relationship between Contractual and Extracontractual Liability in the New Hungarian Civil Code, [in:] New Civil Codes in Hungary and Romania, eds. A. Menyhárd, E. Veress, Cham 2017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63327-5_9.

Fuglinszky Á., The Reform of Contractual Liability in the New Hungarian Civil Code: Strict Liability and Foreseeability Clause as Legal Transplants, “The Rabel Journal of Comparative and International Private Law” 2015, vol. 79(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1628/003372515X14176993262158.

Furmston M.P., Cheshire G.C., Fifoot C.H.S., Cheshire, Fifoot, and Furmston’s Law of Contract, Oxford 2007.

Gárdos P., Assignment, Assumption of Debt and Transfer of Contract, [in:] Expert Proposal to the Draft of the New Civil Code, ed. L. Vékás, Budapest 2008.

Gárdos P., Az engedményezésre vonatkozó szabályok újragondolása a nemzetközi gyakorlat tükrében, “Polgári Jogi Kodifikáció” 2003, vol. 5.

Gárdos P., Non-assignment Clauses as Obstacles to True Sale Securitisations, “Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies” 2021, vol. 62(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2021.00325.

Gárdos P., Recodification of the Hungarian Civil Law, “European Review of Private Law” 2007, vol. 15(5), DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/ERPL2007037.

Gárdos P., Szerződésátruházás, “Polgári Jogi Kodifikáció” 2005, vol. 7.

Gárdos P., Tartozásátvállalás mint nováció, “Polgári Jogi Kodifikáció” 2005, vol. 7.

Gellért G. (ed.), A Polgári Törvénykönyv magyarázata, Budapest 2007.

Harmathy A., Changes in the Legal System: A Comparative Essay Based on the Hungarian Experience, “Journal of Civil Law Studies” 2019, vol. 12(2).

Jansen N., Zimmermann R., Assignment of Claims, [in:] Commentaries on European Contract Laws, eds. N. Jansen, R. Zimmermann, New York 2018, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790693.003.0012.

Kisfaludi A., A részvényátruházás jogi természetéről, “Gazdaság és Jog” 1996, vol. 4.

Kletečka A., Bürgerliches Recht, vol. 1, Wien 2006.

Klimke D., Die Vertragsübernahme, 2010, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1628/978-3-16-151227-8.

Koziol H., Welser R., Bürgerliches Recht, vol. 2, Wien 2001.

Kötz H., Rights of Third Parties: Third Party Beneficiaries and Assignment, [in:] International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, vol. 7: Contracts in General, ed. A. von Mehren, Oxford 1992.

Larenz K., Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, vol. 1: Allgemeiner Teil, München 1987.

Lieder L., Die rechtsgeschäftliche Sukzession. Eine methodenpluralistische Grundlagenuntersuchung zum deutschen Zivilrecht und Zivilprozessrecht sowie zum Internationalen und Europäischen Privatrecht, Tübingen 2015.

Looschelders D., Schuldrecht Allgemeiner Teil, München 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15358/9783800665969.

Lukas M., (Neu-)Regelung des Zessionsverbots, “Österreichiches Bankarchiv” 2005, vol. 199(6).

MacMahon P., Rethinking Assignability, “The Cambridge Law Journal” 2020, vol. 79(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008197320000367.

Maurer T., Schuldübernahme: Französisches, englisches und deutsches Recht in europäischer Perspektive, Tübingen 2010.

Medicus D., Schuldrecht I. Allgemeiner Teil, München 2005.

Menyhárd A., Engedményezés, jogátruházás, tartozásátvállalás és szerződésátruházás, [in:] A Polgári Törvénykönyvről szóló 2013. évi V. törvény és a kapcsolódó jogszabályok nagykommentárja, ed. A. Osztovits, vol. 3, Budapest 2014.

Menyhárd A., Veress E. (eds.), New Civil Codes in Hungary and Romania, Cham 2017, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63327-5.

Nörr K.W., Scheying R., Pöggeler W., Sukzessionen: Forderungszession, Vertragsübernahme, Schuldübernahme, Tübingen 1999.

Schürnbrand J., Gestaltungsrechte als Verfügungsgegenstand, “Archiv für die civilistische Praxis” 2004, vol. 204(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1628/000389904780388229.

Stürner R., BGB § 398 Abtretung, [in:] Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, ed. R. Stürner, München 2021.

Vékás L., About Contract Law in the New Hungarian Civil Code, “European Review of Contract Law” 2010, vol. 6(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ercl.2010.95.

Vékás L., Az új Polgári Törvénykönyv elméleti előkérdései, Budapest 2001.

Vékás L., Bevezető rendelkezések, [in:] A Polgári Törvénykönyv magyarázata, ed. Gy. Gellért, Budapest 2007.

Vékás L., Über das neue ungarische Zivilgesetzbuch, “Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis De Rolando Eötvös Nominatae. Sectio Iuridica” 2013, vol. 5.

Villányi L., A kötelem alanyai, [in:] A magyar magánjog. Kötelmi jog általános része, ed. K. Szladits, Budapest 1941.

Windscheid B., Singularsuccession, [in:] Kritische Überschau der deutschen Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft, vol. 1, München 1853.

ONLINE SOURCES

Bill T/7971 on the New Civil Code, Budapest, July 2012, https://www.parlament.hu/irom39/07971/07971.pdf (access: 9.1.2023). [in Hungarian]

Deutscher Bundestag, 12. Wahlperiode, Gesetzentwurf der Fraktion der SPD, Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Änderung des Handelsgesetzbuches, Drucksache 12/7570, https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/12/075/1207570.pdf (access: 9.12.2023).

Erste Bank, Vállalati hitel-, kölcsön- faktoring és bankgarancia Ügyletek általános szerződési feltételei, 21.1.2019, https://gate.erstebank.hu/ebh_internet_hird_frontend/document/download?documentId=%7B26E47B60-785B-4647-9897-7DFC0A635437%7D (access: 9.1.2023).

MKB Bank Nyrt, Üzletszabályzata a bankszámlák vezetéséről, a betétgyűjtésről és a kapcsolódó szolgáltatásokról, https://www.mbhbank.hu/sw/static/file/mkb.hu-sw-static-file-1__BBKSZ_fuggo_hatalyu_20210307_.pdf (access: 9.1.2023).

The Law Commission, Company Security Interests Report, 2005, https://lawcom.gov.uk/document/company-security-interests-report (access: 9.1.2023).

UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2016, https://www.unidroit.org/english/principles/contracts/principles2016/principles2016-e.pdf (access: 9.12.2023).

LEGAL ACTS

Act IV of 1959 on the Civil Code.

Act LXXVI of 1999 on copyright.

Act I of 2004 on sport.

Act XVII of 2007 on certain issues of procedures in relation to support for agricultural, rural development and fisheries and to other measures.

Act CXXXVIII of 2007 on investment firms and commodity dealers.

Act CLXI of 2011 on the organization and administration of the courts.

Act CCXVII of 2012 on the participation in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and in the implementation of the Effort Sharing Decision.

Act V of 2013 on the Civil Code.

Act CLXXVII of 2013 on the transitional provisions related to the entry into force of the New Civil Code.

Act CCXXXVII of 2013 on credit institutions.

Act LXXXVIII of 2014 on the business of insurance.

Decree No. 14 of 2010 (II.23.) FVM of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development concerning the quota system used for the regulation of the cow milk sector.

CASE LAW

Decision no. 1/2000 of the Hungarian Supreme Court’s Uniformity.

Decision no. 22/2018 (XI.20.) of the Hungarian Constitutional Court.

Uniformity decision no. 7/2021 of the Curia.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2023.32.5.117-142
Date of publication: 2023-12-31 14:29:23
Date of submission: 2023-05-21 10:23:10


Statistics


Total abstract view - 603
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF - 0

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 Péter Gárdos

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.