Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – Recognition of Non-adaptive Emotional Patterns and Therapeutic Interventions

Agnieszka Nowogrodzka, Bartosz Piasecki

Abstract


Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder that affects 3.4–5% of school children. Its primary symptoms are excessive activity, impulsiveness and attention deficits. These symptoms are observed in behavior. They also cause the appearance of secondary symptoms, that affecting the overall functioning of the child, and later also an adult. The main and most frequently used form of treatment a group suffering from disorders is pharmacotherapy. It reduces the severity of the underlying symptoms. Most often, drugs are used only from school age. Until then, the child learns behavior and emotional patterns that are not favorable to him. Therefore, the most effective form of treatment is to combine drug therapy with psychotherapy. An interesting proposition that allows both parents and children to learn adaptive reactions is schema therapy. The first results of research have already appeared, they show what non-adaptive patterns appear in children with ADHD. Work-oriented interactions with properly identified non-adaptive patterns allow children in this group to grow up into healthy, self-confident persons.


Keywords


ADHD; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; emotional patterns; schema therapy

Full Text:

PDF (Język Polski)

References


Antschel, K.M., Hargrave, T.M., Simonecsu, M., Kaul, P., Hendricks, K., Faraone, S.V. (2011). Advances in understanding and treating ADHD. BMC Medicine, 9(72). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-9-72

Arcelus, J., Munden, A. (2008). ADHD. Nadpobudliwość ruchowa. Warszawa: Bellona.

Armour, K., Kröger, S., Zarbock, G. (2017). Terapia schematów w przypadku niemowląt i małych dzieci. W: G. Loose, P. Graaf, G. Zarbock (red.), Terapia schematów dzieci i młodzieży (s. 65–92). Sopot: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.

Arntz, A., van Genderen, H. (2017). Terapia schematów w zaburzeniu osobowości typu borderline. Sopot: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.

Arntz, A, Jacob, G. (2018). Terapia schematów w praktyce. Praca z trybami schematów. Sopot: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.

Barkley, R.A., Murphy, K.R. (1998). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Clinical Workbook. New York: Guilford Press.

Calvert, F., Smith, E., Brockman, R., Simpson, S. (2018). Group schema therapy for eating disorders: study protocol. Journal of Eating Disorders, 6(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-017-0185-8

Carter, J.D., McIntosh, V.V.W., Jordan, J., Porter, R.J. Douglas, K., …, Joyce, P.R. (2018). Patient predictors of response to cognitive behavior therapy and schema therapy for depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(9), 887–897. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417750756

Coates, J., Taylor, J.A., Sayal, K. (2015). Parenting interventions for ADHD: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(10), 831–843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714535952

Daley, D., van der Oord, S., Ferrin, M., Danckaerts, M., Doepfner, M., …, Sonuga-Barke, E.J. (2014). Behavioral interventions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials across multiple outcome domains. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(8), 835–847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.05.013

Dobson, K.S., Dozois, K. (2001). Historical and philosophical bases of cognitive-behavioral therapies. W: K. Dobson (ed.), Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (s. 3–31). New York: Guildford.

Faraone, S.V., Biederman, J. (2005). What is the prevalence of adult ADHD? Results of a population screen of 966 adults. Journal of Attention Disorder, 9(2), 384–391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054705281478

Faraone, S.V., Perlis, H., Doyle, A.E., Smoller, J.W., Goralnick, J.J., …, Sklar, P. (2005). Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1313–1323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024

Graaf, P., Loose, G. (2017). Terapia schematów w przypadku dzieci w wieku szkolnym. W: G. Loose, P. Graaf, G. Zarbock, Terapia schematów dzieci i młodzieży (s. 111–134). Sopot: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.

Grawe, K. (1998). Neuropsychotherapie. Bern: Huber.

Harvey, E., Danforth, J.S., McKee, T.E., Ulaszek, W.R., Friedman, J.L. (2003). Parenting of children with attention-defecit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The role of parental ADHD symptomatology. Journal of Attention Disorders, 7(1), 31–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/108705470300700104

Hawke, L.D., Provencher, M.D. (2011). Schema Theory and Schema Therapy in Mood and Anxiety Disorders: A Review. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25(4), 257–276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.25.4.257

He, J.A., Antshel, K.M. (2016). Cognitive behavioral therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in college students: a review of the literature. Cognitive Behavioral in Practice, 24(2), 152–173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.03.010

Jacob, G.A., Arntz, A. (2013). Schema therapy for personality disorders: A review. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 6(2), 171–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2013.6.2.171

Kessler, R.C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C.K., …, Zaslavsky, A.M. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 716–723. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.716

Loose, G., Graaf, P., Zarbock, G. (red.). (2017). Terapia schematów dzieci i młodzieży. Sopot: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.

Lucke, C., Lam, A.P., Muller, H.H., Philipsen, A. (2017). New psychotherapeutic approaches in adult ADHD – acknowledging biographical factors. Journal of Neurology & Neuromedicine, 2(7), 6–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29245/2572.942X/2017/7.1138

Miklosi, M., Mateo, O., Somogyi, K., Szabo, M. (2016). Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, perceived stress, and well-being: the role of early maladaptive schemata. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(5), 364–369. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000472

MTA Cooperative Group. (1999). National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(12), 1073–1086. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1073

MTA Cooperative Group. (2004). National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study. Study of ADHD follow-up: 24-month outcomes of treatment strategies for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 113(4), 754–761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.4.754

Nugent, K., Smart, W. (2014). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in postsecondary students. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 1781–1791. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S64136

Ottenhof, K., Sild, M., Levesque, M., Ruhe, H., Booij, L. (2018). TPH2 polymorphisms across the spectrum of psychiatric morbidity: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review, 92, 29–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.018

Philipsen, A., Heslinger, B., van Elst, L.T. (2008). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adulthood: Diagnosis, etiology and therapy. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 105(17), 311–317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2008.0766

Philipsen, A., Jans, T., Graf, E., Matthies, S., Borel, P., …, Tebartz van Elst, L. (2015). Effects of group psychotherapy, individual counseling, methylphenidate, and placebo in the treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(12), 1199–210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2146

Philipsen, A., Lam, A.P., Breit, S., Lucke, C., Muller, H.H., Matthies, S. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 9, 101–111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-016-0211-8

Polanczyk, G.V., Salum, G.A., Sugaya, L.S., Caye, A., Rohde, L.A. (2015). Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 345–365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12381

Rowland, S.A., Lesesne, C.A., Abramowitz, A.J. (2002). The epidemiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A public health view. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Review, 8(3), 162–170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.10036

Safren, S.A., Otto, M.W., Sprich, S., Winett, C.L., Wilens, T.E., Biederman, J. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for ADHD in medication-treated adults with continued symptoms. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 43(7), 831–842. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.001

Savolainen, J., Mason, W.A., Bolen, J.D., Chmelka, M.B., Hurtig, T., …, Taanila, A. (2015). The path from childhood behavioural disorders to felony off ending: Investigating the role of adolescent drinking, peer marginalization and school failure. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 25(5), 375–388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.1931

Sonuga-Barke, E.J.S., Daley, D., Thompson, M. (2002). Does maternal ADHD reduce the effectiveness of parent training for preschool children’s ADHD? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(6), 696–702. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200206000-00009

Sun, X., Wu, Z., Cao, Q., Qian, Y., Liu, Y., …, Wang, Y. (2018). Genetic variant for behavioral regulation factor of executive function and its possible brain mechanism in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Scientific Report, 8(1), 7620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26042-y

Young, J.E., Klosko, J.S., Weishaar, M.E. (2014). Terapia schematów. Przewodnik praktyka. Sopot: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.

Zarbock, G., Loose, Ch., Graaf, P. (2017). Terapia schematów w pracy z dziećmi i młodzieżą – podstawowe zagadnienia. W: G. Loose, P. Graaf, G. Zarbock, Terapia schematów dzieci i młodzieży (s. 15–64). Sopot: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.

Zhang, L., Chang, S., Li, Z., Zhang, K., Du, Y., …, Wang J. (2012). ADHD gene: A genetic database for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nucleic Acids Research, 40(D1), 1003–1009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr992




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/j.2021.34.2.133-143
Date of publication: 2021-06-12 13:30:20
Date of submission: 2020-02-15 18:44:32


Statistics


Total abstract view - 4142
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF (Język Polski) - 5749

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2021 Agnieszka Nowogrodzka, Bartosz Piasecki

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.