Anti-Immigration Rhetoric in the United States of America: From the Chinese Exclusion Act to Donald Trump’s First Presidential Term

Manuela Mangold

Abstract


Donald Trump’s presidential campaign of 2015/16 marks a turning point in the use of inflammatory anti-immigration rhetoric. This paper will examine how this moment has once again magnified a specific type of discourse around race. Under the Trump administration, the call for immigration control at borders, building walls, as well as stopping immigration altogether for selected nationalities, has come into the center of public and political debates. However, today’s discourse on immigration, security, and exclusion can be traced back to examples of public and political discourse at various times in the history of the United States. Moreover, solutions for the immigration “problem” from the 19th and early 20th century still resonate in today’s debates on restrictions and exclusions of immigrants. The paper analyses the anti-immigration rhetoric in media products from different historical moments to trace the genealogy of exclusivist and discriminatory discourse and politics.


Keywords


immigration, media, anti-immigration rhetoric, United States of America immigration history, invasion

Full Text:

PDF

References


Baldwin, James. “Letter from the region in my mind.” The New Yorker. 9 November, 1962. Republished 11 December 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1962/11/17/letter-from-a-region-in-my- mind. Accessed 11 November 2024.

Ballou, Dr. W.H. “A Brand New Disease Arrives in America.” The Washington Times.

[volume] (Washington [D.C.]), 16 February 1919. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1919-02-16/ed-1/seq-26/ Accessed 10 October 2024. The Washington Times circulated from 1902 to 1939. The Washington times. [volume], February 16, 1919, NATIONAL EDITION, American Weekly, Image 26.

BBC “Trump’s executive order: Who does travel ban affect?”, 10 February 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38781302 Accessed 20 November 2024.

Boissoneault, Lorraine. “How the 19th-Century Know Nothing Party Reshaped American Politics” Smithsonianmag.com, 17 January 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/immigrants-conspiracies-and-secret-society-launched-american-nativism-180961915/ Accessed 24 November 2024.

Benton-Cohen, Katherine. Inventing the Immigration Problem: the Dillingham Commission and Its Legacy. Harvard University Press, 2018.

Bible Gateway. “Plague.” https://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=Plague&qs_version=NIV

Accessed 20 November 2024.

Bickerton, Caitlin. “Border at ‘Breaking Point’ as more than 76, 000 unauthorized migrants cross in a month.” in the The New York, Times 5 March 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/05/us/border-crossing-increase.html Accessed 19 November 2024.

Blair, Doug. “The 1920 Anti-Japanese Crusade and Congressional Hearings” The Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project, 2006. https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/Japanese_restriction.htm Accessed 17 November 2024.

Blake, Aaron. “The final Trump-Clinton debate transcript, annotated.” Washington Post. 20 October 2016, 4:29 a.m. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/10/19/the-final-trump-clinton-debate-transcript-annotated/ Accessed 23 October 2024.

California Digital Newspaper Collection. University of Riverside. https://cdnc.ucr.edu

Accessed November 2024.

California Digital Newspaper Collection. “Immigration invasion” Results 1 to 20 of 4,066 for Immigration invasion. University of Riverside. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=q&hs=1&r=1&results=1&txf=txIN&txq=Immigration%20+invasion&. Accessed 20 November 2024.

California Digital Newspaper Collection. University of Riverside. “Throwing down the ladder by which they rose.” Harpers Weekly. 23 July 1870, p. 480. The Library of Congress. Internet Archive. Harper’s Weekly. https://archive.org/details/harpersweeklyv14bonn/page/480 Accessed 15 November 2024.

Clarke, Isobelle and Jack Grieve. “Stylistic variation on the Donald Trump [X] Twitter account: A linguistic analysis of tweets posted between 2009 and 2018.” PLoS ONE 14(9): e0222062. 25 September 2019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222062 Accessed 20 November 2024.

Clinton, Bill, and United States. “Message to the Congress Transmitting Proposed Legislation on Illegal Immigration.” Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton. 1993

https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/WCPD-1993-08-02/pdf/WCPD-1993-08-02-Pg1463.pdf Accessed 20 November 2024

Ecarma, Caleb. “Laura Ingraham Condemned For Segment o U.S. ‘Demographic Changes’: It’s the ‘Swan Song of White Nationalism’”. Mediaite, 9 August 2018. https://www.mediaite.com/online/laura-ingraham-condemned-for-segment-on-u-s-demographic-changes-its-the-swan-song-of-white-nationalism/ Accessed 22 November 2024.

Factbase Videos. "Speech: Donald Trump Holds a Political Rally in Panama City Beach, Florida – [8 May] 2019.” YouTube Video, 54:25 (“We love our country [...]”). At 55:05 (“No Nation can tolerate [...].”). https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3265&v=XFKx3YdXafE&feat ure=emb_logo Accessed 20 November 2024.

Fairclough, Norman and Ruth Wodak. “Critical discourse analysis: a Preliminary Description.” Van Dijk, Teun A. Discourse as Social Interaction. SAGE, 1997.

Gessen, Masha “The Weaponization of National Belonging, from Nazi Germany to Trump.” The New Yorker, 21 July 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-weaponization-of-national-belonging-from-nazi-germany-to-trump. Accessed 18 November 2024.

Handlin, Oscar. The Uprooted. The Epic Story of the Great Migrations That Made the American. [1951, 1st ed.] 2nd ed., University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.

Hiernaux, Jean and Michel Banton. “Four statements on the race question.” UNESCO Digital Library. Statement of 1967, p. 51. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000122962 Accessed 21 November 2024.

Jäger, Siegfried and Florentine Maier. “Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Foucauldian Critical discourse Analysis and Dispositive Analysis.” Wodak, Ruth, and Meyer, Michael. Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. 2nd ed., SAGE Publications Ltd, 2009.

Kaplan, Thomas. New York Times. “How the Trump Campaign Used Facebook Ads to Amplify His ‘Invasion’ Claim.” https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/05/us/politics/trump-campaign-facebook-ads-invasion.html Accessed 22 October 2024.

“Key word.” The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Inc., https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/keyword. Accessed 3 November 2024.

Kukkonen, Karin. “Plot.” Living handbook of narratology. University of Hamburg, 24 March 2014. https://www.lhn.uni-hamburg.de/node/115.html Accessed 20 November 2024.

Ladysmith news-budget. “Immigration and Disease.” [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.), 26 March 1915. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85040245/1915-03-26/ed-1/seq-3/

Accessed 20 November 2024.

Lakoff, George. The All New Don't Think of an Elephant!: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate. Revised and updated ed., Chelsea Green Publishing, 2014. —and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 2003.

Lee, Erika. “The Chinese Exclusion Example: Race, Immigration, and American Gatekeeping, 1882-1924.” Journal of American Ethnic History, vol. 21, no. 3, 2002, pp. 36–62.

Machin, David, and Andrea Mayr. How to Do Critical Discourse Analysis: a Multimodal Introduction. SAGE, 2012.

“Metaphor.” The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Inc., https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metaphor Accessed 20 November 2024

Misra, Tanvi. “Are California's Police Departments Defying Its Sanctuary Law?” CityLab, 29 March 2019. “In late 2017, California’s then-Governor Jerry Brown signed a package of “sanctuary” bills that included SB 54—the first statewide bill of its scope limiting local and state cooperation with federal immigration enforcement.” https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-29/the-impact-of-california-s-sanctuary-law Accessed 15 November 2024.

Morrison, Toni. “The Nobel Prize in Literature 1993.” Nobel Lecture 7 December 1993. NobelPrize.org. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1993/morrison/lecture/. Accessed 14 November 2024.

Murphy, Heather. “El Paso Shooting Suspect Indicted on Capital Murder Charge. The New York Times, 12 September 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/12/us/el-paso-suspect-capital-murder.html Accessed 20 November 2024.

Ngai, Mae. “Why Trump is making Muslims the new Chinese?” CNN, 30 January 2017. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/01/30/opinions/muslims-are-new-chinese-ngai-opinion/index.html Accessed 12 November 2024.

Niayesh, Vahid. “Trump’s travel ban really was a Muslim ban, data suggests.” Washington Post, 26 September 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/26/trumps-muslim-ban-really-was-muslim-ban-thats-what-data-suggest/ Accessed 20 November 2024.

Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute. United States Department of State. “Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts” https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigration 20. November 2024.

Peters, Jeremy W. et al. “How the El Paso Killer Echoed the Incendiary Words of Conservative Media Stars” The New York Times.11 August 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/11/business/media/el-paso-killer-conservative-media.html Accessed 18 November 2024.

Simpson, Paul, et al. Language and Power: A Resource Book for Students. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2018.

Stix, Gary. „Two Linguists Use Their Skills to Inspect 21,739 Trump Tweets” Interview with Jack Grieve. Scientific American. 25 September 2019. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/two-linguists-use-their-skills-to-inspect-21-739-trump-tweets/ Accessed 14 November 2024.

The Immigration Commission, et al. Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission. (in Two Volumes: Vol. II .) G.P.O., 1911, p. 251. https://archive.org/details/abstractsreport01benngoog/page/n261 Accessed 20 November 2024.

The Library of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov Accessed October 2024

Trump, Donald J. “Roundtable on San[c]tuary Cities and Immigration Laws.” C-Span, 16 May 2018. Transcript 00:24:37. https://www.c-span.org/video/?445674-1/roundtable-santuary-cities-immigration-laws&live= Accessed 18 November 2024.

— “Donald J Trump. Sponsored. Paid for by Donald J. Trump for President, Inc. Inactive, started running on 21 February 2019. ID: 501473793714623. About social issues, elections or politics.” Facebook. Ad Library, 2019. https://www.facebook.com/ads/library/?active_status=active&ad_type=political_and_issue_ads&country=US&is_targeted_country=false&media_type=all&q=501473793714623&search_type=keyword_unordered

Accessed 12. November 2024

“Use.” The Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus, Merriam-Webster Inc., https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/use. Accessed 20 December 2024.

Van Dijk, Teun A. “Critical Discourse Analysis.” Schiffrin, Deborah ed. et al. The Handbook Discourse Analysis. Blackwell Publishers, 2001.

https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4966482/mod_resource/content/1/van%20DIJK%20Critical%20Discourse%20Analysis.pdf

Accessed 20. November 2024

— Discourse and Ideology. 2011.

https://discourses.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Teun-A.-van-Dijk-2011-Discourse-and-Ideology.pdf Accessed 20 November 2024

Walfred, Michele. “Throwing down the ladder by which they rose. 1870.” Illustrating Chinese Exclusion. 6 January 2015. https://thomasnastcartoons.com/2015/01/06/throwing-down-the-ladder-by-which-they-rose-23-july-1870/ Accessed 20 November 2024.

— “Overview” Illustrating Chinese Exclusion. 6 January 2015. https://thomasnastcartoons.com. Accessed 20 November 2024

— “Caricature.” Illustrating Chinese Exclusion. 25 January 2014. https://thomasnastcartoons.com/2014/01/25/caricature/ Accessed 20 November 2024.

Zuckerberg, Mark. Washington Post. “Watch live: Facebook CEO Zuckerberg speaks at Georgetown University.” 17 October 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MTpd7YOnyU Accessed 20 November 2024.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/nh.2024.9.255-276
Date of publication: 2024-12-30 19:41:56
Date of submission: 2024-12-30 19:13:31


Statistics


Total abstract view - 159
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF - 0

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Manuela Mangold

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.