The Middle East in American Media: A 21st Century Overview

Ayman Al Sharafat

Abstract


This study chronicles the portrayal of the Middle East in various American media that have received scholarly attention, centering on the print and broadcast media. The time frame of the media review in the United States towards the Middle East is from the September 11th attacks in 2001 until 2019. The article draws on the theory of orientalism to reveal a facet of the media that perpetuates false stereotypes of the Middle East as a threat to US interests, culture, and security. It finds that although the media in America have paid detailed attention to many issues in the Middle East during the last two decades, there are grounds to assume it has failed to comprehend the sociopolitical and economic reasons behind such issues. Coverage of the Middle East in American media during the 21st century has paralleled the government's official viewpoints and interests in the region.


Keywords


Media, The United States, The Middle East

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abu-­Lughod, Lila. “The Active Social Life of ‘Muslim Women’s Rights’: A Plea for Ethnography, Not Polemic, with Cases from Egypt and Palestine.” Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies 6, no. 1 (2010): 1–45.

Abunimeh, A., and R. Masri. “The Media’s Spin on Iraq.” In Iraq Under Siege: The Deadly Impact of Sanctions and War, edited by A. Arnove. Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2000.

Adams, W.C., and P. Heyl. “From Cairo to Kabul with the Networks, 1972–1980.” In Television Coverage of the Middle East, edited by W.C. Adams. Norwood: Ablex, 1981.

Al-Jenaibi, B. “Nature of Arab Public Discourse: Social Media and the ‘Arab Spring.” Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies 3 (2014): 241–60.

Alalawi, N. “How Media Covered ‘Arab Spring’ Movement: Comparison between the American Fox News and the Middle Eastern Al Jazeera.” J Mass Communicat Journalism 5, no. 11 (2015): 281–90.

Barranco, D., and L. Shyles. “Arab vs. Israeli Coverage in the New York Times, 1976 and 1984’.” Journalism Quarterly 65, no. 1 (1988): 178–81.

Batarfi, K. “Three American Prestige Newspapers’ Stand toward the Arab–Israeli Conflicts: A Content Analysis of Editorials.” In The International Communication Division. AEJMC Convention, 1997.

CBS News. “Text of Bush Iraq Speech to U.N,” September 12, 2002.

Chomsky, Noam, and Edward S. Herman. The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism: The Political Economy of Human Rights. First. Boston: South End Press, 1999.

Ciftci, Sabri. “Islamophobia and Threat Perceptions: Explaining Anti-­Muslim Sentiment in the West.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 32, no. 3 (2012): 293–309.

CNN. “Top Bush Officials Push Case against Saddam,” September 8, 2002.

Dimaggio, Anthony R. Selling War, Selling Hope Presidential Rhetoric, the News Media, and U.S. Foreign Policy since 9/11. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2015.

Dixon, Travis L., and Linz Daniel. “Overrepresentation and Underrepresentation of African Americans and Latinos as Lawbreakers on Television News.” Journal of Communication 50, no. 2 (2000): 131–54.

Entous, Adam, and Julian E. Barnes. “U.S. Wavers on ‘Regime Change.” Wall Street Journal. 5, March 2011.

Evensen, B. “Surrogate State Department? Times Coverage of Palestine.” Journalism Quarterly 67, no. 2 (1990): 391–400.

Glover, K. “Analysis of CNN and The Fox News Networks’ Framing of the Muslim Brotherhood during the Egyptian Revolution in 2011.” The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications 2 (2013): 125–34.

Hashem, M. “Coverage of Arabs in Two Leading US Newsmagazines: Time and Newsweek.” In The US Media and the Middle East, edited by Y. Kamalipour. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997.

Human Rights Watch. “World Report 2011: Saudi Arabia,” 2011.

Ibrahim, Dina. “THE MIDDLE EAST IN AMERICAN MEDIA: A 20th Century Overview.” The International Communication Gazette 71, no. 6 (2009): 511–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048509339793.

Khouri, Ghada. “The Other Gulf War Syndrome: Flaws in US Media Coverage of the 1997/98 Iraq Crisis.” Washington, D.C, 1998.

Kumar, Deepa. “Islamophobia: A Bipartisan Project.” The Nation, July 2, 2012. http://www.thenation.com/article/168695/islamophobia-­‐‑bipartisan-­‐‑project.

Mahmood, Saba. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2011.

New York Times. “A Measured Pace on Iraq.” Editorial, 2003.

Panagopoulos, Costas. “The Polls-­Trends: Arab and Muslim Americans and Islam in the Aftermath of 9/11.” Public Opinion Quarterly 70, no. 4 (2006): 608–24.

Pincus, Walter, and Dana Priest. “Bush, Aides Ignored CIA Caveats on Iraq.” Washington Post, February 7, 2004.

Rashed, Ahmed. “Is the US Media Beating the Drums of War on Iran?” Middle East Observer, May 28, 2019. https://www.middleeastobserver.org/2019/05/28/is-the-us-media-beating-the-drums-of-war-on-iran/.

Ruigrok, Nel, Wouter van Atteveldt, and Janet Takens. “Shifting Frames in a Deadlocked Conflict? News Coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.” In Selling War The Role of the Mass Media in Hostile Confl Icts from World War I to the ‘War on Terror,’ edited by Josef Seethaler, Matthias Karmasin, Gabriele Melischek, and Romy Wöhlert, 259–89. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2013.

Said, E. Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World. London: Vintage, 1997.

———. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon, 1978.

Saleem, Muniba, and Craig A. Anderson. “Arabs as Terrorists: Effects of Stereotypes within Violent Contexts on Attitudes, Perceptions, and Affect.” Psychology of Violence 3, no. 1 (2013): 84.

Shaheen, J. “‘Images of Saudis and Palestinians: A Review of Major Documentaries.” In Television Coverage of the Middle East, edited by W.C. Adams. Norwood: Ablex, 1981.

Sheikh, K., V. Price, and H. Oshagan. “Press Treatment of Islam: What Kind of Picture Do the Media Paint?” Gazette 56, no. 1 (1995): 139–54.

Terman, Rochelle. “Islamophobia and Media Portrayals of Muslim Women: A Computational Text Analysis of US News Coverage.” International Studies Quarterly 61, no. 3 (2017): 489–502. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqx051.

Washington Post. “First Strike.” Editorial, March 20, 2003.

———. “The Case for Action.” Editorial, February 5, 2003.

Western, Jon. Selling Intervention and War: The Presidency, the Media, and the American Public. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, 2005.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/nh.2019.4.130-143
Date of publication: 2019-09-13 22:32:48
Date of submission: 2019-07-14 21:37:04


Statistics


Total abstract view - 2185
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF - 0

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2019 Ayman Al Sharafat

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.